The Catcher in the Rye Overview

'The Catcher in the Rye' Overview The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, is one of the most notable transitioning books in American writing. Through the primary individual account of young person Holden Caulfield, the novel investigates present day distance and the loss of guiltlessness. Quick Facts: The Catcher in the Rye Creator: J.D. SalingerPublisher: Little, Brown and CompanyYear Published: 1951Genre: FictionType of Work: NovelOriginal Language: EnglishThemes: Alienation, honesty, deathCharacters: Holden Caulfield, Phoebe Caulfield, Ackley, Stradlater, Allie CaulfieldFun Fact: J.D. Salinger composed a prequel (The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls) that recounts to the account of Holdens siblings passing. Salinger gave the story to Princeton University on the condition it not be distributed until 50 years after his demise the year 2060. Plot Summary The epic starts with the storyteller, Holden Caulfield, depicting his experience as an understudy at Pencey Prep. He has been removed in the wake of bombing a large portion of his classes. His flat mate, Stradlater, needs Holden to compose an exposition for him with the goal that he can go out on the town. Holden composes the paper about his late sibling Allies mitt. (Allie kicked the bucket of leukemia years earlier.) Stradlater doesn't care for the article, and won't reveal to Holden whether he and his date engaged in sexual relations. Upset, Holden leaves grounds and goes to New York City. He leases a room in a modest lodging. He makes courses of action with the lift administrator to have a whore named Sunny visit his room, however when she shows up, he gets awkward and reveals to her that he simply needs to converse with her. Bright and her pimp, Maurice, request more cash and Holden gets punched in the stomach. The following day, Holden becomes inebriated and sneaks into his family’s loft. He converses with his more youthful sister, Phoebe, whom he adores and views as honest. He discloses to Phoebe that he has a dream of being the catcher in the rye who gets kids when they tumble off a precipice while playing. At the point when his folks return home, Holden leaves and goes to his previous instructor Mr. Antolinis house, where he nods off. At the point when he awakens, Mr. Antolini is tapping his head; Holden gets upset and leaves. The following day, Holden takes Phoebe to the zoo and looks as she rides the merry go round: his first obvious experience of satisfaction in the story. The story closes with Holden expressing that he became ill and will be beginning at another school in the fall. Significant Characters Holden Caulfield. Holden is sixteen years of age. Canny, passionate, and urgently desolate, Holden is the encapsulation of an untrustworthy storyteller. He is fixated on death, particularly the demise of more youthful sibling Allie. Holden endeavors to introduce himself as a pessimistic, savvy, and common individual. Ackley. Ackley is an understudy at Pencey Prep. Holden cases to detest him, however there are indications that Holden sees Ackley as a rendition of himself. Stradlater. Stradlater is Holden’s flat mate at Pencey. Sure, attractive, athletic, and famous, Stradlater is everything Holden wishes he could be. Phoebe Caulfield. Phoebe is Holden’s more youthful sister. She is one of only a handful hardly any individuals that Holden holds in high respect. Holden sees Phoebe as shrewd, kind, and blameless right around a perfect individual. Allie Caulfield. Allie is Holdens late more youthful sibling, who passed on of leukemia before the beginning of the story. Significant Themes Guiltlessness versus Phoniness. Fake is Holden’s affront of decision. He utilizes the word to portray the majority of the individuals and spots he experiences. To Holden, the word infers cunning, an absence of credibility, and demand. To Holden, phoniness is a side effect of adulthood; on the other hand, he sees the blamelessness of kids as an indication of genuine goodness. Distance. Holden is separated and distanced all through the whole novel. His undertakings are reliably centered around making a type of human association. Holden utilizes distance to shield himself from joke and dismissal, however his dejection drives him to continue attempting to interface. Demise. Passing is the string that goes through the story. For Holden, demise is conceptual; what Holden fears about death is the change that it brings. Holden consistently wants for things to stay unaltered, and to have the option to return to better occasions when Allie was alive. Abstract Style Salinger utilizes naturalistic, slang-implanted language to reasonably duplicate the voice of an adolescent kid, and infuses the portrayal with filler words to loan it a similar cadence as the expressed word; the subsequent impact is the feeling that Holden is disclosing to you this story. Holden is additionally an untrustworthy storyteller, telling the peruser that he is the most stupendous liar you at any point saw. Accordingly, the peruser can’t fundamentally trust Holden’s portrayals. About the Author J.D. Salinger was conceived in 1919 in Manhattan, New York. He burst onto the abstract stage with the distribution of his renowned short story, A Perfect Day for Bananafish in 1948. Only three years after the fact he distributed The Catcher in the Rye and set his notoriety for being perhaps the best creator of the twentieth century. Superstardom didn't concur with Salinger, and he turned into a hermit, distributing his last story in 1965 and giving his last meeting in 1980. He passed on in 2010 at 91 years old.

Top Tips for Writing a Strong Admission Essay

What is a confirmation exposition? What's more, for what reason is it so significant for US schools and colleges? While most European colleges offer their future understudies to take a few tests, US instructors and educators request that their participants get ready and present an affirmation exposition. A confirmation paper is a bit of composing, which demonstrates your capacity to compose well, your mentality towards instruction, and your fit to the picked college or school. This article will enable the panel to comprehend your character, scholarly interest, and instructive accomplishments. In this article, you can clarify what your fundamental positive highlights and special abilities are. All in all, in what capacity can a normal contestant make a confirmation exposition, which will be ground-breaking enough to be acknowledged at the ideal University? You can utilize the principle tips portrayed in the passage underneath or you can go to .com for proficient counsel and backing. The decision is yours. Alter your desires and make the initial step. 5 Tips for a Strong Admission Essay Concentrate on a certain something. Don’t attempt to portray everything in one paper. Pick one best subject, issue, or individual to begin with. At the point when an understudy attempts to expound on numerous things in a single little bit of composing, he/she will in general make it excessively exhausting, level and watered down. Continuously utilize the technique for conceptualizing before composing your article. Pick just a couple of smart thoughts. Keep away from flawlessness. This implies you shouldn’t portray yourself as a perfect individual without blemishes and feeble sides. Be objective. Don't hesitate to depict what angles are more hard for you than others. Nobody anticipates that you should be an ideal understudy. An unmistakable proposal. Your affirmation article ought to contain a reasonable postulation, depicting what you are going to tell about. Editing. Never disregard extra editing and altering. Give your affirmation article to another person who knows you somewhat more than others. Request that they read your article resoundingly and to determine what impressions they have in the wake of understanding it. The less complex the better. Numerous understudies expound on too troublesome things to make their articles stick out. What's more, those expositions become perplexing, in any event, for themselves. In all actuality, the articles that stand apart the most are about basic things and regular themes. The less difficult your article was the better. What is significant is that your paper should communicate your character, encounters, and points of view. The primary point of the affirmation article is to assist the board of trustees with knowing the candidate. In this way, the primary segments of the solid affirmation article are center, realness, clear postulation, great sentence structure and spelling, and straightforwardness. What's more, keep your paper short. Don’t attempt to make it up to a novel. Simply keep away from regular missteps, cautiously consider what you will expound on, and present your character to the board of trustees in the most ideal manner conceivable. It is constantly valuable to peruse different people’s work to get a feeling of what great expositions are. To help you, gives you someâ college confirmations paper samplesâ written by advisors and editors hailing from esteemed schools including Harvard. This page contains individual proclamation tests, mission statement tests, and application paper tests for school. In any case, if it's not too much trouble recall, these are for your reference just; it isn't to your advantage to replicating their style or ideas. It not just damages scholastic morals and could prompt a programmed dismissal by the entrance advisory board †the purpose of our administration is to assist you with building a one of a kind paper †not one like different articles.

Questions of Cultural Identity in a Global World

Questions of Cultural Identity in a Global World In the world of globalization some people focus on the positive â€" the benefits for the economy for example. The free flow of ideas, of goods and services, the freedom of movement of the workforce. The free travel.Some people tend to focus on the negative. The clash of cultures and the conflicts stemming from it. The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. Multinational corporations use criminally cheap labor overseas while accumulating huge profits. Losing jobs to immigration. Epidemics spread more easily…Truth is, in the globalized world most people focus on the global. And too few focus on the inside.This article will ask and answer several questions we should ask ourselves about our identity in the global world.AM I MY NATIONALITY?Nationality is the status of belonging to a particular nation. However, to most, the nationality is not what it says on their passport. It is more the sense of belonging rather than a legal status or a relationship.What is my national identity?Peopl e define their national identity differently. The Washington Post quotes a curious study that discovered less than half of America, a country of immigrants, believes that if one is born in the country, that suffices to make them an American.Remarkably, a lot of people put more stress on speaking a particular language, or abiding by the traditions and customs in a country in order to belong.For America, for example, speaking the language was more important than being born in the country, with 70% supporting the linguistic theory, while only 32% supported the born-into argument.Can my national identity change?In the UK, in a time after a referendum to leave the European Union, and with rumors Scotland will separate, the Guardian reports a risk of an ideological crisis.When your passport says you are British, but ‘British’ does not mean the same today as it did before… when ‘nationalism’ is now associated with the notions of xenophobia and racism… you need to rethink your n ational identity.Should I identify with a particular nation?In the context of a global world the meaning of the national identity is definitely losing its significance. Identifying or not with belonging to a particular country is a personal choice.The decision has its advantages and disadvantages.A strong sense of belonging could be positive. It will lead to diversity and preserving heritage. Or it could lead to conflicts, based on historic unfairness.How do I preserve my national identity?If my national identity is not dictated by where I was born, and it could change over time, what preserves my identity?National symbols: The national flag. The national anthem. The national motto. Find a place and time to pay your respect. But don’t overdo it, or you risk looking fanatic. The National Day is a good time for some national pride.Since language is seen as one of the primary carriers of national identity, allocate some time on literature and cinema.Heavy traditions with roots in his tory, or silly things, typical for your nation, stick to what you like and don’t break it.Your sense of belonging is to a nation, not to a border. It is a group of people with the same language, history, traditions and mindset that can truly make you feel at home, wherever you are.National identity in a global world.With high and raising rates of migration, chances are you are living in an environment of different nationalities. Embrace others but also make sure you preserve your own identity.Educate yourself. Learn more about the history, the politics, and the issues of the nations of people that matter to you.Immigration always raises the topic of losing a national identity to the culture of immigrants. Be respectful and mindful while discussing that topic.Immigrants should be able to practice in a healthy way traditions and rituals from both nations. One can celebrate two national days, listen to two different anthems, wave two national flags.In contrast to traditions, only the rule of law of the accepting country should matter.Withstand attack. Far right ideas have been on the rise. Some political movements claim nationalities should either be assimilated or people bearing them should go back to their country of origin. While the law is on your side, stand by your actions and your rights.AM I MY ETHNICITY?What is ethnicity?Belonging to an ethnicity is quite similar to belonging to a nation. Your ethnicity is your identification with a social group that shares the same ancestry, language, culture and traditions.What is NOT ethnicity?Unlike nationality, ethnicity has little to do with citizenship or belonging to a particular country. Which makes it easier to preserve across borders.It is also often confused with race. While ethnicity is largely defined by culture and tradition, in addition to ancestry, race is only associated with biological traits.How do I define my ethnic identity?Beverly Cross, a professor at the University of Memphis explains it could be argued that identity is formed at the age of three. Therefore the family and environment at that young age have large influence on forming one’s identity. At the same time the professor clarifies, the identity can be versatile. One can have multiple identities, including ethnic. They could relate to the country where they were born, where they live, the language they speak, to their genetic heritage from their mother, father or even the ethnic identity of their spouse.Should I identify with a particular ethnicity?Statistics say you should. Or, rather, you are likely to. A General Social Survey from 2004 discovered 77.5% of people feel close to a particular ethnicity or race. But there is no right or wrong answer.According to a work, published by the university of Minnesota, this significance of ethnic identity may have its disadvantages. The stronger the sense of belonging is, the higher the risks is of conflict between different ethnic groups. ‘Our ethnic heritages shape us in many ways and fill many of us with pride, but they also are the source of much conflict, prejudice, and even hatred’.Ethnic and racial identity in the global world.Ethnic and racial identity is easier than national identity to carry through borders and through time. Find a way to preserve your traditions in a way they work with the modern world.Break stereotypes. Use your voice when you are being associated with either negative or positive stereotypes for your ethnicity. Be kind. Explain, don’t argue. Allow people who have wrong opinions to get to know you and show by example that you are just like anyone else.AM I MY RELIGION?Faith is tied to one’s most intimate beliefs. The meaning of existence. The notion of the soul.The notion of the afterlife. Religion is the system the structure of our most personal ideas, it organizes behaviors, traditions and communities.How does globalization affect religious identity?In a global world, religion is changing its face. The United St ates, with their great diversity, are the most interesting example.In the United States white Christians used to be the majority. Nowadays, they account for less than half of the population. While back in 1976 as many as 81% identified as Christion, as soon as 2007 this percentage had fallen down to 43%.Jewish Americans account for as much as 2% while Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus account for another total of 3% of the public. But those are growing.Moreover, white Christians are aging. Statistics show only about 10% of white Christians are under 30 years old.As many as 27% identify as religiously unaffiliated. The share of agnostics and atheists is growing. And while the percentage is as low as 12% among those over 65, of the younger generation between 18 and 29, the religiously unaffiliated are the largest group with 38%.Should I identify with my religion?Statistics say even though the share of atheists and agnostics are growing, most people still identify with some sort of religi on or spirituality.But to answer that personal question, you need to look deep inside and find what you believe in.According to the Religious Freedom Center your religious identity could be formed by any of three aspects.The organization of your beliefs about god, creation and meaning. Those may include theoretical constructs, scriptural rules, or moral commands that dictate your opinions or behavior on everyday life. Those beliefs may not be the same among the entire community that belongs to a particular religion, but believers usually do associate them with a particular religious affiliation. In other words, Weather your religion identifies with your belief is not important. It is important if you identify your belief with that religion.Individual or group activities, dictated by religious scripture or tradition â€" the holidays you celebrate, the rituals you are used to. Those could be part of your national or ethnic affiliation, or they could have a religious basis.The sense of belonging not just to a religion, but also to a congregation. People sharing the same beliefs, opinions, traditions and holidays. People you can reach out to and with whom you have shared moral and values.Religious affiliation can be complex.Multi religious households respect different traditions. Atheists often confess celebrating religious holidays with their family.Religious identity in the global world.We are in a time in history when religious identity is changing a lot through generations. Make sure you know what you believe in. Do you believe it truly, or do you believe it because of your upbringing and circumstance? You are allowed to be honest with yourself.Embrace other religions. Because of migration and free travel you will meet people of different convictions. Religion has been the main source of moral and ethics teachings through centuries and each scripture has something to teach us.Be respectful of other’s traditions. Travel and exploration is beautiful, but remem ber while you are in someone’s country, home or church, you need to be humble and obedient of their rules.AM I MY GENERATION?In contrast to religion, ethnicity, race or nationality, a generational identity is a more modern concept.The Baby Boomers, the Gen Xers, the Millennials and the new Generation Z.Political changes, economic globalization, the free flow of ideas, and, perhaps most importantly, the lightning speed of technology development and social media, widen the generational gap exponentially.What defines a generation?The Washington Post distinguishes the following four generations:If you were born roughly between the years after World War II up to 1965, you belong to the Baby BoomersIf you were born roughly between the years 1965 and 1980, you belong to Generation X, which through the years has also been known as Baby Bust or The 20-nothings.If you were born roughly between the years 1980 and 2000, you belong to the Millennials, also known as the Net Generation.If you we re born after the year 2000, you belong to Generation Z.But the particular year you were born in might have a lesser significance than a simple online test â€" ‘Every 90s kids will know these…’Social identification is defined by one of four factors:The need of belonging to a particular groupThe prestige and expressed uniqueness of the groupThe image of the outsiders â€" the people that do not belongThe process of group formation and acceptanceTo put it simply, apart from the time periods, a generation is also defined by the individuals, who create a common sense of belonging to a group.If individuals do not feel that they belong to a particular generational group, then they may identify themselves by the values and characteristics generally embraced by other groups.What dictates generational identity?A generation is defined by demographic factors, influences from policies and events that affect their lives together.Because of globalization, generations in different countries a nd continents can be affected by the same social events, share the same culture.The most common and popular difference between generations is the reaction to the changing world, including the changing technology around. Millennials have grown up with technology in a way earlier generations have not.Hence, their other name â€" the ‘digital natives’. They are used to relying on digital sources for information and on social media for communication.Millennials are very independent and are not used to complying to the rules of organizations, including political or corporate. They are demanding workers and do expect for their employers to take into account their needs.Generation Z follow the same trend and scare employers as soon it will be their time to enter the workforce.They are expected to be even more independent, more demanding of employers to cater to their needs and wishes and less loyal to organizations, causing a bigger clash with older generations.Generational identity in the global world.Regardless of where you fall in generational identity by date of birth, you are still allowed to ask yourself the question if you feel like you belong.Older generations are assumed to have been affected less by technology and globalization, but feel free to break the stereotypes. You, too, can use technology, travel the world and want the best.Younger generations are assumed to be more laid back and demanding, to have a worse taste in music, to not take life seriously. You, too, are allowed to have career ambitions.Understanding is key. While race and ethnicity, gender and sexuality differences are protected, generational differences often manifest themselves in vicious attacks. Even when your generation is attacked, make sure you try to see the other point of view. And only then defend yourself with confidence and kindness.AM I MY GENDER?In this particular part of this article it is important to make the distinction we will not be looking at gender identity in the sense of accepting or not the gender one was born with, but rather, accepting or not the social concept of one’s gender role.In the way girls are traditionally supposed to wear pink, and boys are supposed to wear black. Girls play with dolls, and boys play with a ball. It is good if girls are polite, quiet and nice and boys are loud and assertive.Women are encouraged to take on professions that are considered more safe. Men should be doing the heavy labor.Women are to be the stay at home parent, while the men should be more interested in developing their career and providing for the family.Throughout the global world there are different stages of breaking with those traditions.Should I follow my gender role?Depending on the country or region, society is in different stages of gender role equality. In some countries it is already a common discussion that women should have the choice to be the stay at home parent, and should not be expected to fight to go back to their workplace, in the same way men should be offered the same choice. That would not make them less feminist and they should not be blamed for it.In other countries women are not allowed the same freedoms as men. In Saudi Arabia women have only recently been allowed to vote and drive.Gender roles vary through borders, based on the culture and religion. In that sense the gender role identity does not mean the same thing at every point on the globe.Gender role identity in the global world.Gender roles are a societal category. It should not be a part of your life or your decision making how society thinks you need to live your life. It should be important for you what your partner thinks they could expect from you. Make sure you communicate effectively if you notice any discrepancies between what you can do and what is expected of you.Educate yourself about other countries and situations. In a global world you are surrounded with different cultures. It may be easier for you to understand behaviors and relationships of people around if you know where they are coming from.Be respectful of other people’s choices. While in the Western World women value their freedom of choice of clothes and style, in Eastern societies some women choose modesty as a form of self-expression. They are often offended if it is implied their modest clothing is a result of suppression rather than choice.Watch Mashaal Hijazi tell a story about the complexity she has felt in her life with her religious, national and ethnic identity in the global world: AM I MY SEXUALITY?For the meaning of this article, we will not look into the complex question of how to define your sexual identity on the spectrum, but rather should you comply with the stereotypes that have been imposed on members of the LGBTQ society.There is lots of stereotypes that follow men and women with different sexual orientation. Starting from assumptions about how feminine or masculine they should look or act, going through what professions they should have, how their relationships would be, what car they would drive, and other silly things.And last but not least, LGBT are victim to more serious stereotypes â€" how they would be in their business or what their political affiliations would be.Sexual identity in the global world.Be yourself. Sexual identity is an intimate and personal question. It is confusing enough to navigate your feelings. You do not owe society acting masculine or feminine, or conforming to whatever stereotypes people have of you, OR defying them.Be respectful if others define themselves otherwise. Just because someone’s personality matches the stereotypes that does not mean they are needlessly conforming to someone else’s opinions or norms. You cannot push someone out of who they are.Don’t be afraid to stand your ground. Sexual identity, different from straight is, unfortunately, not widely accepted. In some cases by society, in some cases by law.Be safe. In the global world, you will come more of ten in contact with people who are not accepting of your of who you are. Your number one priority is to be safe.CONCLUSIONThe global world will allow you to travel anywhere you want and live anywhere you like.You will have the privilege to learn about cultures from all over the world and communicate with people you wouldn’t have the chance to, several decades ago.All that privilege comes with responsibility.Number one, be true to yourself. When you meat different people you might feel judgment, lack of understanding, even ridicule about who you are and what you do. Look deep into yourself and hold on to who you are.Number two, be kind and understanding to others the same way you expect them to be of you.Number three, support diversity in harmony. Work together and support initiatives that promote learning about cultures and traditions.Number four, be safe. Unacceptance of different cultures can be harmful. Save yourself from toxic contacts and communication.Number five, enjoy your life in a diverse world, abundant of cultures, believes and traditions.

Terminal Velocity and Free Fall

Terminal velocity and free fall are two related concepts that tend to get confusing because they depend on whether or not a body is in empty space or in a fluid (e.g., and atmosphere or even water). Take a look at the definitions and equations of the terms, how they are related, and how fast a body falls in free fall or at terminal velocity under different conditions. Terminal Velocity Definition Terminal velocity is defined as the highest velocity that can be achieved by an object that is falling through a fluid, such as air or water. When terminal velocity is reached, the downward force of gravity is equal to the sum of the objects buoyancy and the drag force. An object a terminal velocity has zero net acceleration. Terminal Velocity Equation There are two particularly useful equations for finding terminal velocity. The first is for terminal velocity without taking into account buoyancy: Vt (2mg/Ï ACd)1/2 where: Vt is the terminal velocitym is the mass of the object that is fallingg is acceleration due to gravityCd is the drag coefficientÏ  is the density of the fluid through which the object is fallingA is the cross-sectional area projected by the object In liquids, in particular, its important to account for the buoyancy of the object. Archimedes principle is used to account for the displacement of volume (V) by the mass. The equation then becomes: Vt [2(m - Ï V)g/Ï ACd]1/2 Free Fall Definition The everyday use of the term free fall is not the same as the scientific definition. In common usage, a sky diver is considered to be in free fall upon achieving terminal velocity without a parachute. In actuality, the weight of the sky diver is supported by a cushion of air. Free fall is defined either according to Newtonian (classical) physics or in terms of general relativity. In classical mechanics, free fall describes the motion of a body when the only force acting upon it is gravity. The direction of the movement (up, down, etc.) is unimportant. If the gravitational field is uniform, it acts equally on all parts of the body, making it weightless or experiencing 0 g. Although it might seem strange, an object can be in free fall even when moving upward or at the top of its motion. A skydiver jumping from outside the atmosphere (like a HALO jump) very nearly achieves true terminal velocity and free fall. In general, as long as air resistance is negligible with respect to an objects weight, it can achieve free fall. Examples include: A spacecraft in space without a propulsion system engagedAn object thrown upwardAn object dropped from a drop tower or into a drop tubeA person jumping up In contrast, objects not in free fall include A flying birdA flying aircraft (because the wings provide lift)Using a parachute (because it counters gravity with drag and in some cases may provide lift)A skydiver not using a parachute (because the drag force equals his weight at terminal velocity) In general relativity, free fall is defined as the movement of a body along a geodesic, with gravity described as   space-time curvature. Free Fall Equation If an object is falling toward the surface of a planet and the force of gravity is much greater than the force of air resistance or else its velocity is much less than terminal velocity, the vertical velocity of free fall may be approximated as: vt gt v0 where: vt is the vertical velocity in meters per secondv0 is the initial velocity (m/s)g is the acceleration due to gravity (about 9.81 m/s2 near Earth)t is the elapsed time (s) How Fast Is Terminal Velocity? How Far Do You Fall? Because terminal velocity depends on drag and an objects cross section, there is no one speed for terminal velocity. In general, a person falling through the air on Earth reaches terminal velocity after about 12 seconds, which covers about 450 meters or 1500 feet. A skydiver in the belly-to-earth position reaches a terminal velocity of about 195 km/hr (54 m/s or 121 mph). If the skydiver pulls in his arms and legs, his cross section is decreased, increasing terminal velocity to about 320 km/hr (90 m/s or just under 200 mph). This is about the same as the terminal velocity achieved by a peregrine falcon diving for prey or for a bullet falling down after having been dropped or fired upward. The world record terminal velocity was set by Felix Baumgartner, who jumped from 39,000 meters and reached a terminal velocity of 134 km/hr (834 mph). References and Further Reading Huang, Jian (1999). Speed of a Skydiver (Terminal Velocity). The Physics Factbook. Glenn Elert, Midwood High School, Brooklyn College.All About the Peregrine Falcon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. December 20, 2007. (archived)The Ballistician (March 2001). Bullets in the Sky. W. Square Enterprises, 9826 Sagedale, Houston, Texas 77089.

Current State Of US Economy - 1503 Words

Current state of US economy and effect of business in Ohio. The American economy has suffered the deepest and most protracted recession since the Great Depression. The financial crisis that began in the fall of 2008 had enduring effects on economic performance. In the first quarter of 2009, real gross domestic product (real GDP) fell by 6.4 percent. Real GDP fell for four straight quarters, from third quarter 2008 through second quarter 2009. The good news is that we have enjoyed more than three years of uninterrupted economic growth (Real GDP) and falling unemployment since the recession ended in June 2009. Economic growth (real GDP) has averaged less than 2.1% since the recovery began July 2009 and is have slowed to less than 1% in the†¦show more content†¦Service-providing industries will account for almost all of the job growth in future with construction is the only goods-producing industry expected to add jobs. Industrial Production. Industrial production in the United States increased 3.50 percent in March of 2013 over the same month in the previous year. Industrial Production in the United States is reported by the Federal Reserve. Historically, the United States Industrial Production averaged 3.91 Percent. In the United States, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industrial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities while in Ohio Industrial production in Manufacturing sector continue to decline manufacturing jobs is expected to fall. Inflation. Current annual inflation is between zero and 2%, Consumer prices have risen only 1.8% over the past 12 months. Federal Reserve policy of quantitative easing worked keeping the prices low. Only trouble is, the money supply has been tripled in the process, which could spur inflation if the economy ever starts growing robust. Ohio state inflation is expected to follow the national average. Home Prices Stock Market. The real estate market continues to move up, and further improvement is likely as unemployment comes down. But home prices remain far below their previous highs. Americans lost $16 trillion in wealth during the recession, mainly because home values andShow MoreRelatedCurrent State Of The Us Banking System And The Global Economy1771 Words   |  8 PagesCURRENT STATE OF THE US BANKING SYSTEM AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Although there are several different types of financial institutions in the United States, including banking and investment intermediaries, the banking system has undergone the most radical changes since the United States declared its independence from England. In 1791, the first central bank in the U.S. was created. 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The strongest economy is USA (GDP per capita, $PPP; 48,110), second strongest economy is UK (35,600), follow by Eurozone economy (35,280) and the weakest economy is China (8,400). For compare economies performances I used indicator of GDP per capita with $PPP (Purchasing power parity) because every economy have differences in population and in purchasing power parity. For example; China have higher population than USA and that mean more working people in economy (Reason for per capita)

Web Mining Homework Free Essays

string(122) " cleaning and transformation phase needs to take place so as to prepare the information for data mining algorithms \[6\]\." A Recommender System Based On Web Data Mining for Personalized E-learning Jinhua Sun Department of Computer Science and Technology Xiamen University of Technology, XMUT Xiamen, China jhsun@xmut. edu. cn Yanqi Xie Department of Computer Science and Technology Xiamen University of Technology, XMUT Xiamen, China yqxie@xmut. We will write a custom essay sample on Web Mining Homework or any similar topic only for you Order Now edu. cn Abstract—In this paper, we introduce a web data mining olution to e-learning system to discover hidden patterns strategies from their learners and web data, describe a personalized recommender system that uses web mining techniques for recommending a student which (next) links to visit within an adaptable e-learning system, propose a new framework based on data mining technology for building a Web-page recommender system, and demonstrate how data mining technology can be effectively applied in an e-learning environment. Keywords–Data mining; web log,;e-learning; recommender readily interpreted by the analyst. A virtual e-learning framework is proposed, and how to enhance e-learning through web data mining is discussed. II. RELATED WORK I. INTRODUCTION With the rapid development of the World Wide Web, Web data mining has been extensively used in the past for analyzing huge collections of data, and is currently being applied to a variety of domains [1]. In the recent years, e-learning is becoming common practice and widespread in China. With the development of e-Learning, massive amounts of learning courses are available on the e-Learning system. When entering e-Learning System, the learners are unable to know where to begin to learn with various courses. Therefore, learners waste a lot of time on e-Learning system, but don’t get the effective learning result. It is very difficult and time consuming for educators to thoroughly track and assess all the activities performed by all learners. In order to overcome such a problem, the recommender learning system is required. Recommender systems are used on many web sites to help users find interesting items [2], them predict a user’s preference and suggest items by analyzing the past preference information of users, e-learning system is applied on the basis of the method. The user’s learning route is given and then provides the relevant learners useful messages through dynamically searching for the appropriate learning profile. This paper recommends learners the studying activities or learning profile through the technology of Web Mining with the purpose of helping they adopt a proper learning profile, we describe a framework that aims at solution to e-learning to discover the hidden insight of learning profile and web data. We demonstrate how data mining technology can be effectively applied in an e-learning environment. The framework we propose takes the results of the data mining process as input, and converts these results into actionable knowledge, by enriching them with information that can be The route where the learner browses through the web pages will be noted down in Web log, carries on the technology of Web mining through Learning Profile and Web log, and analyzes from the materials related to association rule. It can be found the best learning profile from this information. These learning profiles combine with the Agent and put them on the learning website. Furthermore, the Agent recommends the function of learning profiles on learning website. Therefore, the learner will acquire a better learning profile. This chapter briefly illustrates the relevant contents including: e-Learning, Learning Profile, Agent, Web Data mining and Association rule. A. E-learning E-learning is the online delivery of information for purposes of education, training, or knowledge management. In the Information age skills and knowledge need to be continually updated and refreshed to keep up with today’s fastpaced study environment. E-learning is also growing as a delivery method for information in the education field and is becoming a major learning activity. It is a Web-enabled system that makes knowledge accessible to those who need it. They can learn anytime and anywhere. E-learning can be useful both as an environment for facilitating learning at schools and as an environment for efficient and effective corporate training [3]. B. A Glance at Web Data Web usage mining performs mining on web data, particularly data stored in logs managed by the web servers. All accesses to a web site or a web-based application are tracked by the web server in a log containing chronologically ordered transactions indicating that a given URL was requested at a given time from a given machine using a given web client (i. e. browser). As shown in table 1, Web log contains the website â€Å"hit† information, such as visitor’s IP address, date and time, required pages, and status code indicating. The web log raw 978-1-4244-4994-1/09/$25. 00  ©2009 IEEE data is required to be converted into database format, so that data mining algorithms can be applied to it. TABLE I. WEB LOG EXAMPLES Web logs 172. 158. 133. 121 – – [01/Nov/2006:23:46:00 -0800] â€Å"GET /work /assignmnts/midterm-solutions. pdf HTTP/1. 1†³206 29803 2006-12-14 00:23:56 209. 247. 40. 108 – 168. 144. 44. 231 GET /robots. txt – 200 600 119 125 HTTP/1. 0 www. a0598. com ia_archiver – – sefulness and certainty of a rule respectively [5]. Support, as usefulness of a rule, describes the proportion of transactions that contain both items A and B, and confidence, as validity of a rule, describes the proportion of transactions containing item B among the transactions containing item A. The associat ion rules that satisfy user specified minimum support threshold (minSup) and minimum confidence threshold (minCon) are called strong association rules. D. Web Mining for E-learning Learning profile help learner to keep a record of their current knowledge and understanding of e-learning and elearning activities. Web mining is the application of data mining techniques to discover meaningful patterns, profiles, and trends from both the content and usage of Web sites. Web usage mining performs mining on web data, particularly data stored in logs managed by the web servers. The web log provides a raw trace of the learners’ navigation and activities on the site. In order to process these log entries and extract valuable patterns that could be used to enhance the learning system or help in the learning evaluation, a significant cleaning and transformation phase needs to take place so as to prepare the information for data mining algorithms [6]. You read "Web Mining Homework" in category "Papers" Web server log files of current common web servers contain insufficient data upon which to base thorough analysis. The data we use to construct our recommended system is based on association rules. E. Recommendation Using Association Rules One of the best-known examples of data mining in recommender systems is the discovery of association rules, or item-to-item correlations [7]. Association rules have been used for many years in merchandising, both to analyze patterns of preference across products, and to recommend products to consumers based on other products they have selected. Recommendation using association rules is to predict preference for item k when the user preferred item i and j, by adding confidence of the association rules that have k in the result part and i or j in the condition part [4]. An association rule expresses the relationship that one product is often purchased along with other products. The number of possible association rules grows exponentially with the number of products in a rule, but constraints on confidence and support, combined with algorithms that build association rules with item sets of n items from rules with n-1 item sets, reduce the effective search space. Association rules can form a very compact representation of preference data that may improve efficiency of storage as well as performance. In its simplest implementation, item-to-item correlation can be used to identify â€Å"matching items† for a single item, such as other clothing items that are commonly purchased with a pair of pants. More powerful systems match an entire set of items, such as those in a customer’s shopping cart, to identify appropriate items to recommend. The web data is massive since the visitor’s every click in the website will leave several records in the tables. This also allows the website owner to track visitors’ behavior details and discover valuable patterns. C. Data Mining Techniques The term data mining refers to a broad spectrum of mathematical modeling techniques and software tools that are used to find patterns in data and user these to build models. In this context of recommender applications, the term data mining is used to describe the collection of analysis techniques used to infer recommendation rules or build recommendation models from large data sets. Recommender systems that incorporate data mining techniques make their recommendations using knowledge learned from the actions and attributes of users. Classical data mining techniques include classification of users, finding associations between different product items or customer behavior, and clustering of users [4]. 1) Clustering Clustering techniques work by identifying groups of consumers who appear to have similar preferences. Once the clusters are created, averaging the opinions of the other consumers in her cluster can be used to make predictions for an individual. Some clustering techniques represent each user with partial participation in several clusters. The prediction is then an average across the clusters, weighted by degree of participation. 2) Classification Classifiers are general computational models for assigning a category to an input. The inputs may be vectors of features for the items being classified or data about relationships among the items. The category is a domain-specific classification such as malignant/benign for tumor classification, approve/reject for credit requests, or intruder/authorized for security checks. One way to build a recommender system using a classifier is to use information about a product and a customer as the input, and to have the output category represent how strongly to recommend the product to the customer. 3) Association Rules Mining Association rule mining is to search for interesting relationships between items by finding items frequently appeared together in the transaction database. If item B appeared frequently when item A appeared, then an association rule is denoted as A B (if A, then B). The support and confidence are two measures of rule interestingness that reflect III. WEB DATA MINING FRAMEWORK FOR E-COMMERCE RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS A. A Visual Web Log Mining Architecture for Personalized E-learning Recommender System In this section, we present A Visual Web Log Mining Architecture for e-learning recommender to enable personalized, named V-WebLogMiner, which relies on mining and on visualization of Web Services log data captured in elearning environment. The V-WebLogMiner is such a odel: with the mining technology and analysis of web logs or other records, the system could find learners’ interests and habits. While an old learner is visiting the website, the system will automatically match with the active session and recommend the most relevant hyperlinks what the learner interests. As shown in Figure1, V-WebLogMiner is a multi-layered architecture capable to deal with both Web learner profiles and traditional Web server logs as input data. It maintains three m ain components: data preprocessing module, Web mining module and recommendation module. ) Web Mining Module The Web mining module discovers valuable knowledge assets from the data repository containing learners’ personal data by executes the mining algorithms, tracked data of learners’ performance and behavior, automatically identify each learner’s frequently sequential pages and store them to recommend database. When the learner visit the site next time, hyperlinks of those pages will be added so that the learner could directly link to his individual pages being remembered. The major component of Web mining module is Web data mining which acts as a conductor controlling and synchronizing every component within the module. The Web data mining module is also responsible for interfacing with the storage. The learning profile evaluation component provide profiling tool to collect personal data of learner and tracking tool to observe learners’ actions including like and dislike information. For personalization applications, we apply rule discovery methods individually to every learner’s data. To discover rules that describe the behavior of individual learner, we use various data mining algorithms, such as Apriori [8] for association rules and CART (Classification and Regression Tress) [9] for classification. 3) Recommendation Module The recommendation module is a recommendations engine; it is in charge of bulk loading data from course database, executing SQL commands against it and provides the list of recommended links to visualization tools. For the recommendation module, recommendations engine is responsible for the synchronizing process indexing and mapping, is a component for storing and searching recommend assets to be used in the learning process. The recommendation engine considers the active learners in conjunction with the recommended database to provide personalized recommendations, it directly related to the personalization on the website and the development of elearning system. The task of the recommendation engine is to determine the type of the learner online and compute recommendations based on the recent actions of that learner. The decision is based on the knowledge attained from the recommended database. The recommender engine is activated each time that the learner visits a web page. First, if there are clusters in the recommended database, then the engine has to classify the current learner to determine the most likely cluster. We have to communicate with the engine to know the current number of pages visited and average knowledge of the learner. Then, we use the centroid minimum distance method [10] for assigning the learner to the cluster whose centroid is closest to that learner. Finally, we make the recommendation according to the rules in the cluster. So, only the rules of the corresponding cluster are used to match the current web page in order to obtain the current list of recommended links [11]. 4) The Visualization tools Visualization tools should be used to present implicit and useful knowledge from recommendations engine, Web services usage and composition. Data can be viewed at different levels Figure 1. A visual web mining architecture for Personalized E-learning Recommender System ) Data Preprocessing Module The data preprocessing module is set of programs used to prepare data for further processing. For instance: extraction, cleaning, transformation and loading. This module uses Web log files and learner profile files to feed the data repository. The data preparation component is used to parse and transform plain ASCII files produced by a Web server to a standard database format. This component is important to make the architecture independent fro m the Web server supplier. of granularity and abstractions as patrolled coordinate’s graphs [12, 13]. This visual model easily shows the interrelationships and dependencies between different components. Interactively, the model can be used to discover sensitivities and to do approximate optimization, etc. B. The Procedure of the Data is Explained As show in figure 1, the beginning learner, that is to say the earliest one, will study in the e-Learning teaching platform. The course materials of Web studying system come from the course database. The data of learner’s learning profiles may be recorded in the learner profile files and Web log files. Then next step is to find out the best learning profile from the proceeded data of Web log through web mining to proceed with Association rule and others data mining algorithm. These learning profiles need to be classified—every field has relevant courses and better learning profiles. The recommender engine will offer the list of recommended links when learners study the courses. With the above information and learning profiles, when the future learners study in Web, recommender engine offers related link lists according to recommend database. However, these link lists may not be suitable for all learners. Therefore, after finishing recommendation every time, there are systems of assessing. The learner (n +1) evaluates the learning profiles that are recommended. Because the profiles analyzed by system may not be perfect, if there are adjustments of evaluation would make the recommendation conform to learners’ asks more. These suggestions can help learners navigate better relevant resources and fast recommend the on-line materials, which help learners to select pertinent learning activities to improve their performance based on on-line behavior of successful learners. IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK There are some possible extensions to this work. Research for analyzing learners’ past studying pattern will enable to detect an appropriate. Furthermore, it will be an interesting research area to effectively judge session boundaries and to improve the efficiency of algorithms for web data mining. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial subsidy provided by the Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau under 3502Z20077023, 3502Z20077021 and YKJ07013R project. REFERENCES [1] [2] D. J. H and, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth. Principles of Data Mining. MIT Press, 2000. J. B. Schafer, J. A. Konstan, and J. Riedl. Recommender systems in ecommerce. In ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, pages 158166, 1999. Liaw, S. Hung ,H. How Web Technology Can facilitate Learning. Information Systems Management, 2002. Choonho Kim and Juntae Kim, A Recommendation Algorithm Using Multi-Level Association Rules, Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence, p. 524, October 13-17, 2003. J. Han and M. Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaurmann Publishers, 2000 Za ane, O. R. Luo, J. Towards evaluating learners’ behaviour in a web-based distance learning environment. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT01), p. 357– 360, 2001. Sarwar, B. , Karypis, G. , Konstan, J. A. , Reidl, J. Item-based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 285 – 295, 2001. R. Agrawal et al. , Fast Discovery of Association Rules, Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif. , 1996, chap. 12. L. Breiman et al. Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif. , 1984. MacQueen, J. B. Some Methods for classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations. In Proceedings of of 5-th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967, pp. 281297. Cristobal Romero, Sebastian Ventura and Jose A. Delgado et al. , Personalized Links Recommendation Based on Data Mining in A daptive Educational Hypermedia Systems, Creating New Learning Experiences on a Global Scale,2007, pp. 292-306. Inselberg, A. Multidimensionl detective, In IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 1997, vol. 00, p. 00-110 . Ware, C. Information Visualization: Perception for Design,Morgan Kaufmann, New York, 2000. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Recommender systems have emerged as powerful tools for helping users find and evaluate items of interest. The research work presented in this paper makes several contributions to the recommender systems for personalized e-learning. First of all, we propose a new framework based on web data mining technology for building a Web-page recommender system. Additionally, we demonstrate how web data mining technology can be effectively applied in an e-learning environment. [11] [12] [13] How to cite Web Mining Homework, Papers

Sociology Research Paper on Jats Essay Example

Sociology Research Paper on Jats Paper The  Jat people  are a historical  Aryan-Scythian tribal group native to the Punjab, Kashmir, Jammu, Uttarkhand, Balochistan, Haryana,  Himachal Pradesh,  Uttar Pradesh  and  Rajasthan. The total population of the Jats is 33 million. The regions with significant populations are India and Pakistan. The main languages spoken by the Jats are Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, Haryanvi and Gujrati. Jats follow three main religions; Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism. Their related ethnic groups are other Indo-Aryan people. On  demographics, the  Encyclopedia Brittanica  states that: In the early 21st century the Jat constituted about 20 percent of the population of  Punjab, nearly 10 percent of the population of  Balochistan, Rajasthan, and Delhi, and from 2 to 5 percent of the populations of Sindh, Northwest Frontier, and  Uttar Pradesh. The four million Jats of Pakistan  are mainly  Muslim  by faith; the nearly six million Jats of India are mostly divided into two large castes of about equal strength: one  Sikh, concentrated in Punjab, the other  Hindu. The name  Jat  has frequently been connected to the names of the  Getae  and  Massagetae, beginning with  James Tod  in 1829. This suggests that the ultimate origin of the Jat tribal group was in the  Indo-Scythian period of about 200 BC to AD 400. G. C. Dwivedi writes in his book ‘The Jats, their role in the Mughal Emprie’, that the Persian  Mojmal al-tawarikh  mentions Jats and  Meds  as the descendants of Ham (son of Noah), living in  Sind  on the banks of the river  Bahar. Origins: The Jats have apparently formed during the centuries following the collapse of the  Kushan Empire, during the early medieval period. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Research Paper on Jats specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Research Paper on Jats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Research Paper on Jats specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are said to be the product of an admixture of  Indo-Scythian  elements to local  Indo-Aryan  groups. An international collaboration led by Manir Ali of the  Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, first identified the ‘Jat’  mutation  in one of four  Pakistani  families. Further study amongst  Roma  populations in  Europe  showed that the same  mutation  accounted for nearly half of all cases of PCG [Primary congenital glaucoma] in that community. Manir Ali’s research also confirms the widely accepted view that the  Roma  originated from the Jat clan of  Northern India  and  Pakistan  and not from  Eastern Europe  as previously believed. There is some evidence connecting the Jats and the  Romani people, the descendants of Indo-Aryan groups which emigrated from India towards Central Asia during the medieval period. There are serological similarities shared with several populations that linked the two people in a 1992 study. History There are very few records concerning Jats prior to the 17th century. There are records of  Jat states in Rajasthan  (the north Rajasthan region, then known as  Jangladesh). It is not known when Jat people established themselves in the Indian desert. By the 4th century they had spread to the  Punjab. After this, foreign invaders had to encounter with the Jats of this region. The whole of the region was composed of seven cantons namely  Punia,  Sihag,  Godara,  Saran,  Beniwal,  Johiya  and  Kaswan. Besides these cantons there were several clans of Jats, simultaneously wrested from Rajput proprietors for instance Bagor, Kharipatta, Mohila or Mehila, K. R. Qanungo writes that when  Muhammad bin Qasim  invaded  Sindh, the  Kaikan  region in  Sindh  was an independent possession of the Jat people. In addition to frequent interaction with Jats (who for them represented Indians), the first Arab invasions of  Persia  and  Sindh  were met by the Jat people. According to  Thakur Deshraj  and Cunningham, Jat people of the  Panwhar  clan ruled  Umerkot  in  Sindhprior to Mughal ruler  Humayun. The Susthan region in Sindh was ruled by Chandra Ram, a Jat of  Hala clan. Chandra Ram lost his kingdom (known as Halakhandi) to the Muslim invaders sent by  Muhammad bin Qasim. There is no information of any important Jat state during the two centuries following  Kushan  rule. However, in the beginning of the fifth century, there is evidence of the Jat ruler  Maharaja Shalinder  ruling from Shalpur (the present-day  Sialkot); his territory extended from  Punjab  to  Malwa  and  Rajasthan. This is indicated by the Pali inscription obtained by  James Tod  from village  Kanswa in  Kota  state in year 1820 AD. Jat uprising and aftermath In 1699, the Jat people of the  Gokula  region around  Mathura  rebelled against the powerful  Mughal  rulers. The rebellion resulted from political provocation aggravated by the economic discontent, and further aggravated by the religious persecution and discrimination. In the disorder following  Aurangzebs death in 1707, the Jat resistance resumed, organized under the leadership of Churaman (1695–1721). Churamans nephew,  Badan Singh  (1722–1756), established a kingdom centered at  Deeg, from which he extended his rule over  Agra  and Mathura. Badan Singhs eldest son and successor,  Maharaja Suraj Mal  (1707–1763), extended his kingdom to include Agra,Mathura,  Dholpur,  Mainpuri,  Hathras,  Aligarh,  Etawah,  Meerut,  Rohtak  (including  Bhiwani), Farrukhnagar,  Mewat,  Rewari  and  Gurgaon. He has been described as one of the greatest Jat rulers. Suraj Mal moved the capital from Deeg to  Bharatpur  in 1733. Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, had previously laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. During the British Raj, the princely state of Bharatpur covered an area of 5,123  km2, and its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded to the  dominion of India  in 1947. Jat states of the 18th century The city of  Gohad  was founded in 1505 by the Jats of Bamraulia village, who had been forced to leave Bamraulia by a  satrap  of  Firuz Shah Tughluq. Gohad developed into an important Jat state, and was later captured by the  Marathas. The Jat people of Gohad signed a treaty with the British and helped them capture  Gwalior  and Gohad from the  Marathas. The British kept  Gwalior  and handed control of Gohad to Jat people in 1804. Gohad was handed over to the Marathas under a revised treaty dated 22 November 1805 between the Marathas and the British. As a compensation for Gohad, the Jat ruler Rana  Kirat Singh  was given  Dhaulpur, Badi and Rajakheda; Kirat Singh moved to Dhaulpur in December 1805. In the 10th century, the Jat people took control of Dholpur, which had earlier been ruled by the  Rajputs and the  Yadavs. Dholpur was taken by  Sikandar Lodhi  in 1501, who transferred it to a  Muslim  governor in 1504. In 1527, the Dholpur fort fell to  Babur  and continued to be ruled by the  Mughals  until 1707. After the death of the Mughal emperor  Aurangzeb, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur, and his family retained it until 1761. After that, Dholpur was taken successively by the Jat ruler Maharaja Suraj Mal  of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the  Scindia  ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the  British East India Company  in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon, but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. In 1806, Dholpur again came under the Jat rulers, when it was handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad. Dholpur thus became a  princely state, a vassal of the British during the Raj. Ballabhgarh  was another important princely state established by the Jat people of the  Tewatia  clan, who had come from Janauli village. Balram Singh, the brother-in-law of  Maharaja Suraj Mal  was the first powerful ruler of Ballabhgarh. Raja Nahar Singh  (1823–1858) was another notable king of this princely state. Other Jat states of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included  Kuchesar  (ruled by the  Dalal  Jat clan of Mandoti, Haryana), and the  Mursan  state (the present-day Hathras district in  Uttar Pradesh) ruled by the  Thenua  Jats. The Jat people also briefly ruled at  Gwalior  and  Agra. The Jat rulers  Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana  (1707–1756) and  Maharaja Chhatar Singh Rana  (1757–1782) occupied the Gwalior fort twice, Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana from 1740 to 1756, and Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana from 1780 to 1783. Maharaja Suraj Mal captured Agra Fort on 12 June 1761 and it remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774. After Maharaja Suraj Mal,  Maharaja Jawahar Singh,  Maharaja Ratan Singh  and  Maharaja Kehri Singh  (minor) under resident ship of  Maharaja Nawal Singh  ruled over  Agra Fort. Sikh States Patiala  and  Nabha  were two important Sikh  states in  Punjab, ruled by the Jat-Sikh  people of the  Siddhu  clan. The  Jind  state in present-day Haryana was founded by the descendants of Phul Jat of  Siddhu  ancestry. These states were formed with the Military assistance of the 6th Sikh Guru, known as Guru Har Gobind. The rulers of  Faridkot  were  Brar  Jat Sikhs. The princely state of Kalsia was ruled by  Sandhu  Jat Sikhs. Maharaja Ranjit Singh  (1780–1839) of the  Sandhawalia Jat clan (other historians assert a Sansi Caste lineage to Maharaja Ranjit Singh though it is dubitable given that his mother can definitely be traced to coming from a Jat family) of Punjab became the  Sikh  emperor  of the  sovereign  country of Punjab  and the  Sikh Empire. He united the Sikh factions into one state, and conquered vast tracts of territory on all sides of his kingdom. From the capture of  Lahore  in 1799, he rapidly annexed the rest of the Punjab. To secure his empire, he invaded  North-West Frontier Province  (NWFP) (which was then part of  Afghanistan), and defeated the  Pathan  militias and tribes. Ranjit Singh took the title of Maharaja on April 12, 1801 (to coincide with  Baisakhi  day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the city of  Amritsar. In the year 1818, Ranjit Singh successfully invaded  Kashmir. Conversion of the Jats to Islam The earliest mention of Jats can be found in the Arabic book  Chach Nama  also known as the Fateh nama Sindh and Tarekh-e-Hind wa Sindh. During the Arab invasion of Sind by  Muhammad bin Qasim  the Jats belonged to the Buddhist faith and were suffering severe hardships under the Brahman ruler Chach. It is recorded that the Jats at first fought against  Muhammad bin Qasim  but later joined his forces against the then ruler  Dahir (Raja)  and this also lead to the conversion of the Jats to the Islamic faith. But most of the Punjabi Muslim Jats trace their conversion to Islam at the hands of Sufi saints like Baba  Fariduddin Ganjshakar  in the 12th century. The total Muslim Jat population as per statistics is 32,705,000. The common languages spoken by Muslim Jats are Punjabi, Siraiki, Urdu, Sindhi and English. Muslim Jat Folklore Muslim Jats gave birth to romances such as  Heer Ranjha  and  Mirza Sahiba  which are sung by all Jats and have been immortalised in  Waris Shahs  poetry book Heer that tells the story of the love of Heer and her lover Ranjha. Distribution Historically, Muslim Jat clans predominated in western  Punjab, in areas which now are found in  Pakistan. Traditionally, the districts of: Gujranwala,  Shaikhupura,  Lahore,  Sialkot,  Jhang,  Bahawalpur,  Multan,  Muzaffargarh,  Sahiwal,  Sargodha, and  Gujrat  were seen as strongholds of the Jats. Major Jat clans predominated in this region, including the  Bajwa,  Basra,  Malhi,  Goraya,  Heer, Chahal Jats,  Cheema,Chatha,  Dudhra,  Sandhu,  Gill,  Janjua,  Ghuman,  Khera,  Kahloon,  Dhillon,  Dawana,  Dhudhi,  Bhangu,  Virk,  Lodhra,  Gondal,  Sidhu,  Sulehria,Hundet,  Sial,  Randhawa,  Nanda,  Daha,  Noon,  Khar,  Manes,  Naich,  Pansota,  Waraich, and  Jajja. The  Ghuman  Daha  and the  Noon  would sometimes call themselves Rajputs, sometimes Jat. The  Pothohar  region is home to many tribes with multiple identities. For example,  Dhamial,  Janjua,Langrial,  Chhina  and  Bangial  would in some instances call themselves  Rajputs, and other instances call themselves Jats. In Jhelum District, Jat identity was fairly strong, and these tribes tend to consider themselves  Jats. In the Bar regions, i. e. , the plains between  Ravi  and  Chenab  rivers (the  Sandal Bar,  Kirana Bar  and  Neeli Bar), the term Jat referred to any nomadic pastoralist, and the  Kharal,  Wattu,  Manes,  Sials,  Kathia  and  Johiya  would sometimes call themselves Rajputs, sometimes Jat. TheWaseer,  Dhami  and  Wahiniwal  clans were the only ones who only called themselves Jats. In the 19th century, the British settled several Jats from central Punjab, including many from  Amritsar,  Gurdaspur  and  Jalandhar, into the Bar region, creating the modern canal colony districts of Faisalabad and Sahiwal. In the south of Punjab, there were several  Saraiki-speaking  Jat  clans, such as the  Jakhar,  Khar,  Daha,  Dhandla,  Makwal,  Bohar,  Ghallu,Kanju,  Samtia  and  Sandhila. Eastern Punjab (Indian Punjab) was also home to a number of Muslim Jat clans, and almost all the major clans (such as the  Sandhu,  Sidhu,Heer,  Maan,  Dhami,  Dhillon,  Gill  and had Muslim branches, although these clans were predominantly  Sikh. After independence of  Pakistan  in 1947, nearly all Jat Muslims of  East Punjab,  Haryana  and other parts of  northern India  migrated from India and settled in Pakistan. The  Muley Jat, who originate from  Haryana  also form a distinct group. Districts of Punjab Most of the Jat clans are concentrated in particular districts, with the exception of the Jat clans that came as refugees after independence of Pakistan in 1947. Major Jat clans Below are brief descriptions of the main Jat clans in Punjab. * Aheer * Ahlawat * Arar * Arnyal * Assoun * Athru * Atwal * Aulakh * Bachal * Badhan * Baghar * Baidwan * Bains Bajwa * Bal * Bandecha * Bangial * Baryar * Basra * Batth * Bhachar * Bhadiar * Bhagwal * Bhalli * Bhangu * Bhidwal * Bhinder * Bhukar * Bhullar * Bhutta * Bohar * Boparai * Buttar * Chadhar * Chahal * Chatha * Chattar * Chohan * Cheema * Chhachhar * Chhajra * Chhina * Dab * Daha * Dahba * Daher * Dandiwal * Dawana * Deo * Dhaliwal * Dhamial * Dhandla * Dhandu * Dhanoa * Dharni * Dhoot * Dhotar * Dhudhi * Dosanjh * Duggal * Ghallu * Ghuman * Gill * Godara * Gondal * Goraya * Grewal * Gujjral * Hal * Hamooka * Hanjra * Hans * Heer * Hundal * Hunjan * Jai * Jajja * Jakhar * Jandral * Jandran * Jhammat Jhawari * Jhujh * Johal * Juta * Kadher * Kahlon * Kallu * Kalhora * Kalyal * Kalyar * Kang * Kanyal * Kathia * Khaira * Khar * Khatarmal * Khatri * Khingar * Khoti * Kianth * Kohja * Korotaneh * Lak * Lalli * Langrial * Lehal (also spelled Lehel, Lahal, Lehl, Lel or Lahil) * Lidhar * Lodhra * Lodike * Lohanch * Lurka * Makhdoom * Maan * Mahil * Mahra * Maitla * Majoka * Makwal * Mallana * Malhi * Malik * Mamyal * Manda * Mangat * Manjotha * Marath * Marhal * Marral * Marrar * Matharu * Mathyal * Mekan * Nanda * Nagra * Nagyal * Naich * Nain * Narwa/Narma * Naswana  or Nissowana * Nathyal * Natt Naul * Nonari * Noon * Padda * Pannun * Pansota * Parhar * Phogat * Randhawa * Ranjha * Ranu * Ranyal * Sagla * Sahi * Sahotra * Samra * Samtia * Sandhal * Sandhila * Sandhu * Sangha * Sarai * Saroya * Sial * Sidhu * Sikhana * Sipra * Sohal * Soomra * Takhar * Talokar/Thalokar * Tatlah * Tatri * Thaheem * Thathal * Tiwana * Toor * Tulla * Uppal * Uttera * Utra * Ves Jats * Virk * Wahiniwal * Waiha * Wahla * Waraich * Waseer Jat Culture and Society The life and culture of Jats is full of  diversity  and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Central Asian  colonists of South Asia. The Jat lifestyle was designed to foster a  martial  spirit. Whenever they lost their kingdoms, Jat people retired to the country-side and became landed barons and the landlords with their swords girded round their waists. They would draw the sword out of the scabbard at the command of their  panchayat  to fight with the invaders. Jat people have a history of being brave and ready fighters. They are fiercely independent in character and value their self respect more than anything, which is why they offered heavy resistance against any foreign force that treated them unjustly. They are known for their pride, bravery and readiness to sacrifice their lives in battle for their people and kinsmen. In the government of their villages, they appear much more democratic. They have less reverence for hereditary right and a preference for elected headmen. Jat OBC demand Hindu Jats have been given Other Backward Class in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttrakhand and Delhi. But had been excluded from the list in Jammu and Kashmir and Haryana. Jats especially from Haryana wants OBS status given to them as they feel that they are lagging behind other castes like Yadavs. Jat Marriages The Jat people are required to marry within their community. The  joint family  system was popular amongst the Jats and large families use to share the same house and  hearth. With the advancement of modern civilization, as people are becoming less dependent upon and less tolerant toward each other, the joint family system is going out of vogue. It was still prevalent in the less advanced areas in the 1930s. Jat marriage ceremonies are traditionally conducted in according with Vedic rituals. Widow marriage is not only permitted and practiced, it is also a social obligation. Historical records show from 1000 AD, when the population of Jats was small, marrying within ones own gotra was not encouraged. However, from about 1650 AD onward marrying within same gotra became more common. Scholars have reasoned this had to do with the size of the Jat population becoming much bigger and the chances of being related to someone in the same gotra became very small. Jat people who are Hindu Jat people who are Hindu differ in two traditions from  Rajput  community. First, they do not wear the sacred thread  janeu. Second, Jats permit the remarriage of  widows. Famous Jat Rulers over the years: Maharaja  Swarup Singh of Jind * Maharaja  Kharak Singh, Maharaja of  Punjab * Maharaja  Nau Nihal Singh, Maharaja of  Punjab * Nawab Kapur Singh  Virk, leader of Singhpur Misl. * Hari Singh Dhillon, leader of the Bhangi misl, Ruler of  Lahore  ;  Amritsar. Famous Jat Religious Scholars: * Dhanna Bhagat  (Dhaliwal Jat) a Hindu  Bhakti  saint and disciple  Ramananda, worshiper of  Rama, whose poems are in the  Guru Granth Sahib * Imam  Abu Hanifa  an-Numan ibn tabit Founder of most important of the sunni schools, was a jat from sind. His forefathers shifted to Iraq before his birth. * Pror. Dr. Tahir ul Qadri   founder of Minhaj ul Quran international Lahore, he is Jatt Sial of Jhang Pakistan. Jat Folklores: * Jagga Jat  (Jagga Daku) famous Dacoit of British India known as The Robin Hood of Punjab * Jyani Jat/Mor- One of the most famous, popular and widely sung folklores Hero in Haryana and Punjab * Heer Ranjha   One of the four popular tragic romances of the Punjab, Heer was of the Sial Jat clan and Ranjha was of the Ranjha Jat clan * Mirza Sahiba   One of the four popular tragic romances of the Punjab, Mirza was born in the Kharral Jat clan and Sahiba was born in the Sial Jat clan. Judiciary: * Muhammad Javed Buttar   Former Justice of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. * Justice Mahavir Singh   Former Justice. Cinema: * Arjan Bajwa * Dara Singh * Simi Garewal * Dharmendra * Sunny Deol * Bobby Deol * Arjun Rampal * Esha Deol * Poonam Dhillon * Randeep Hooda * Sushant Singh * Minissha Lamba * Mahek Chahal * Mangal Dhillon * Himanshu Malik * Mallika Sherawat * Neeru Bajwa * Abhay Deol * Parvin Dabas * Jimmy Shergill * Kirron Kher * Gurdas Mann * Mahima Chaudhry * Vindu Dara Singh * Pravesh Rana * Rajat Tokas * Kulraj Randhawa Shafqat Cheema  Punjabi Films Villon * Hema Malini * Raja Chaudhary Sports: * Virender Sehwag   cricketer * Saina Nehwal   badminton player * Yuvraj Singh   cricketer, Boparai Jatt. * Sushil Kumar Solanki   Wrestler, World Wrestling Champion. * Vijender Singh Beniwal   boxer, Olympic bronze medalist * Dara Singh   wrestler * Navjot Sidhu   cricketer * Rakshit Dalal   cricketer * Aaqib Javed   cricketer * Wahab Riaz   Pa kistani cricketer * Shahid nazir bajwa   Pakistani cricketer * Rizwan Cheema   cricketer * Ashish Nehra cricketer Sanjay Bangar   cricketer * Vijay Dahiya   cricketer * Sunny Soha   cricketer * Krishna Poonia   Discus thrower * Balwinder Sandhu   cricketer * Manpreet Gony  (Manpreet Singh Grewal) cricketer * Pradeep Sangwan   cricketer * Ravi Bopara   cricketer * Jyoti Randhawa   golfer * Arjun Atwal   golfer * Gaganjeet Bhullar   golfer * Rajiv Tomar   wrestler * Gadowar Singh Sahota   wrestler * Geetika Jakhar   wrestler * Sqn Ldr S. P. Singh   kabaddi, Asian Games gold medalist * Seema Antil   athlete * Krishna Poonia   athlete Devendra Jhajharia   Gold Medalist  Paralympics  2004 * Bajranglal Takhar  Ã‚   silver medalist in rowing, at Doha * Balbir Singh Dosanjh   hockey player * Baljit Singh Dhillon   hockey player * Ramavtar Singh Jakhar   volleyball player * Ravi Shankar Godara   memorizer * Mamta Kharb   hockey player * Usman Gondal   football player * Paramjeet Samota- Famous Indian Boxer- * Waqar Younis- World outclass fast Bowler- (Cricket) * Asif Bajwa- Ex-Pakistani Hockey Player Politicians: * Chaudhry Naseer Ahmad Malhi   Leading member of the Muslim League during  Pakistan  movement. Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi   Prominent leader of PML. * Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi   former Chief Minister of Punjab * Ch. Moonis Elahi   MPA OF PML, grandson of Ch. Zahoor Elahi and son of Ch Pervaiz Elahi. * Chaudhry Wajahat Hussain   MNA of PML, Known as Commander of Gujrat. * Chaudhry Shafaat Hussain   Former Nazim of Gujrat district and younger brother of former PM Ch. Shujaat Hussain. * Chaudhry  Muhammad Zafarullah Khan   Former speaker of the Punjab Assembly from 2002-2008. * Sardar Fraz Wahlah   President  Pakistan Peoples Party  Youth, Punjab. Zulfiqar Ahmad Dhillon, former Minster of Education for Punjab and Member of the  National Assembly of Pakistan. * Aitzaz Ahsan   Ex- P resident Supreme Court Bar and Ex- Minister. * Hamid Nasir Chattha   Former Speaker of the National Assembly. * Ch. Imtiaz Safdar Warriach   federal minister of communication. * Chaudhry  Muhammad Zafarullah Khan   Pakistans first Foreign Minister. * Ch. Nazar Muhammad Gondal   federal minister of food and agriculture. * Dr. Khalid Ranjha   Former Senator * Sardar Muhammad Arif Nakai   Former CM of Punjab. * Sardar Muhammad Asif Nakai   MPA from Punjab Assembly, and son of Sardar